T 3/2 Hospers 36-45

1. What are the three conditions, according to Hospers, for knowledge? Are these conditions independent from one another, i.e., can you satisfy each without satisfying the others?

2. How does Hospers distinguish between strong and weak senses of knowledge?

3. What is Hospers’ critique of skepticism? Is he right that practical considerations should be a primary concern when defining terms such as ‘certainty’?

Pierce 59-66

1. According to Pierce, what is the difference in the manner that belief and doubt motivate us to act?

2. What is the shortcoming of the a priori method in Pierce’s view?

3. In Pierce’s view, how does the method of science escape the accidental or arbitrary nature of the other methods of fixing belief?