Intro to Philosophy Exam 2 Study
Guide
Be prepared to state the following arguments in premise/conclusion form, explain them, and to state and explain the criticisms or responses that we discussed in class: Ontological, Teleological, Cosmological (3 forms), and the Problem of Evil.
Unger – Define
skepticism and give examples of its different types. Brain in
a vat and evil genius skeptical arguments. Descartes’
attempt to use skepticism to build an absolutely secure foundation for
knowledge.
Hospers – The traditional definition of knowledge. Hosper’s response to skepticism: 1. Weakening the criteria for knowledge; 2. Insisting that the skeptic’s doubts be testable.
Peirce – Our experience of doubt and belief and the manner in which it motivates us. The four methods of securing belief, the problems with the first three, and the advantage of the fourth. Rationalism and empiricism. Descartes’ use of the wax example to defend the claim that all ideas don’t originate in experience.
Clifford – Why it is wrong to believe anything on insufficient evidence: The examples of the negligent ship owner and the overzealous social reformers; the negative consequences of other unjustified beliefs. Is Clifford exaggerating the threat?
James – Definitions of living, forced, momentous, and genuine options. Why religious faith is a genuine option for many people. Why this justifies religious faith despite insufficient evidence. Does James adequately exclude beliefs that we think are irrational or harmful?
Pascal’s wager and criticisms of it. The views of Taylor, Robinson, Aquinas, and Kirkegaard on the relationship of reason and faith and their justification for their respective views.
Possible Essay Questions:
1. Develop a strong argument for or against God’s existence and defend this argument against a serious objection.
2. Explain what skepticism about the external world is and the sorts of arguments used to support it. How serious are the consequences of skepticism? Do you think that it succeeds? Why or why not? Critically examine a strong refutation of skepticism.
3. What is the relationship of faith and knowledge? What are the consequences for the legitimacy of religious faith? Explain your view in detail, justify it with an argument, and defend it against a serious objection.